‹ Distribution Symmetry ›

Links between groups

The heatmap shows the estimates for pairwise comorbidity. These estimates were computed using cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for i) country, age-cohort and sex (Model A) ii) adjusted for country, age-cohort, sex, type and number of mental disorders with onset preceding the prior disorder (Model B)

Sex: Model: 01020304050Hazard Ratio:
Major depressive episodeBipolar disorderDysthymiaPanic disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderSocial phobiaSpecific phobiaAgoraphobiaPTSDObsessive compulsive disorderAdult separation anxiety disorderChild separation anxiety disorderAnorexia nervosaBulimia nervosaBinge eating disorderIntermittent explosive disorderADHDConduct disorderOppositional defiant disorderNicotine dependenceAlcohol abuseAlcohol dependenceDrug abuseDrug dependenceMajor depressive episodeBipolar disorderDysthymiaPanic disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderSocial phobiaSpecific phobiaAgoraphobiaPTSDObsessive compulsive disorderAdult separation anxiety disorderChild separation anxiety disorderAnorexia nervosaBulimia nervosaBinge eating disorderIntermittent explosive disorderADHDConduct disorderOppositional defiant disorderNicotine dependenceAlcohol abuseAlcohol dependenceDrug abuseDrug dependence

We found that associations are particularly strong for the following pairs (yellow in the heatmap):

  • Bulimia and binge eating disorder (HR: 110, 95% CI= 98.4-124.8)
  • Drug abuse and drug dependence (HR: 66, 95% CI = 57.9-75.1)
  • MDE and dysthymia (HR: 60.5, 95% CI = 55.1-66.4)

There were moderate evidence of associations for the following pairs (purple in the heatmap):

  • Nicotine dependence and OCD (HR: 5.3, 95% CI = 4-6.9)
  • Nicotine dependence and Bulimia nervosa (HR: 5.6, 95% CI = 4.1-7.7)
  • Alcohol dependence and OCD (HR: 5.3, 95% CI = 4.4-6.4)